Windows Registry - Wikipedia. The Registry is a hierarchical database that stores low- level settings for the Microsoft Windows operating system and for applications that opt to use the Registry. The kernel, device drivers, services, Security Accounts Manager (SAM), and user interface can all use the Registry. The Registry also allows access to counters for profiling system performance. In simple terms, The Registry or Windows Registry contains information, settings, options, and other values for programs and hardware installed on all versions of Microsoft Windows operating systems. Technology keeps you connected everywhere you go, helps you capture every moment & makes your life a bit easier; stay up-to-date with tips & tricks from eHow. NETSH (Network Shell) Configure Network Interfaces, Windows Firewall, Routing & remote access. Syntax NETSH InformationWeek.com: News, analysis and research for business technology professionals, plus peer-to-peer knowledge sharing. Engage with our community. F/X Communications develops market-leading cross-platform unified end-to-end firewall/vpn software and OEM Developer Toolkits for Windows, Linux, OS/2, eComStation. For example, when a program is installed, a new subkey containing settings like a program's location, its version, and how to start the program, are all added to the Windows Registry. When introduced with Windows 3. Windows Registry primarily stored configuration information for COM- based components. Windows 9. 5 and Windows NT extended its use to rationalise and centralise the information in the profusion of INI files, which held the configurations for individual programs, and were stored at various locations. For example, . NET Framework applications use XML files for configuration, while portable applications usually keep their configuration files with their executable. Rationale. By contrast, the Windows Registry stores all application settings in one logical repository (but a number of discrete files) and in a standardized form. According to Microsoft, this offers several advantages over . INI files. As well, strongly typed data can be stored in the Registry, as opposed to the text information stored in . INI files. This is a benefit when editing keys manually using regedit. Windows Registry Editor. Because user- based Registry settings are loaded from a user- specific path rather than from a read- only system location, the Registry allows multiple users to share the same machine, and also allows programs to work for less privileged users. Backup and restoration is also simplified as the Registry can be accessed over a network connection for remote management/support, including from scripts, using the standard set of APIs, as long as the Remote Registry service is running and firewall rules permit this. Because the Registry is a database, it offers improved system integrity with features such as atomic updates. If two processes attempt to update the same Registry value at the same time, one process's change will precede the other's and the overall consistency of the data will be maintained. Where changes are made to . INI files, such race conditions can result in inconsistent data that does not match either attempted update. Windows Vista and later operating systems provide transactional updates to the Registry by means of the Kernel Transaction Manager, extending the atomicity guarantees across multiple key and/or value changes, with traditional commit–abort semantics. Registry keys are container objects similar to folders. Registry values are non- container objects similar to files. Keys may contain values and subkeys. Keys are referenced with a syntax similar to Windows' path names, using backslashes to indicate levels of hierarchy. For Windows Messenger in a non-UPnP environment, unfortunately Microsoft requires dynamic UDP ports across a very wide range. This is a tremendous security risk.Keys must have a case insensitive name without backslashes. The hierarchy of Registry keys can only be accessed from a known root key handle (which is anonymous but whose effective value is a constant numeric handle) that is mapped to the content of a Registry key preloaded by the kernel from a stored . Different users, programs, services or remote systems may only see some parts of the hierarchy or distinct hierarchies from the same root keys. Registry values are name/data pairs stored within keys. Registry values are referenced separately from Registry keys. Each Registry value stored in a Registry key has a unique name whose letter case is not significant. The Windows API functions that query and manipulate Registry values take value names separately from the key path and/or handle that identifies the parent key. The computer runs Windows XP Home Edition. This variable is available only if the authentication. See Section 6.5.1.7, “Windows. Tutorial on integrating the Linux Desktop system into a Microsoft Windows based network. Integration with Microsoft Outlook, NTFS, Microsoft file servers, RDP. Installing OpenVPN. OpenVPN source code and Windows installers can be downloaded here. Recent releases (2.2 and later) are also available as Debian and RPM packages. Registry values may contain backslashes in their names, but doing so makes them difficult to distinguish from their key paths when using some legacy Windows Registry API functions (whose usage is deprecated in Win. The terminology is somewhat misleading, as each Registry key is similar to an associative array, where standard terminology would refer to the name part of each Registry value as a . The terms are a holdout from the 1. Registry in Windows 3, in which Registry keys could not contain arbitrary name/data pairs, but rather contained only one unnamed value (which had to be a string). In this sense, the entire Registry was like a single associative array where the Registry keys (in both the Registry sense and dictionary sense) formed a hierarchy, and the Registry values were all strings. When the 3. 2- bit Registry was created, so was the additional capability of creating multiple named values per key, and the meanings of the names were somewhat distorted. The standard types are: List of standard Registry value types. Type IDSymbolic type name. Meaning and encoding of the data stored in the Registry value. REG. HKCU and HKLM). Technically, they are predefined handles (with known constant values) to specific keys that are either maintained in memory, or stored in hive files stored in the local filesystem and loaded by the system kernel at boot time and then shared (with various access rights) between all processes running on the local system, or loaded and mapped in all processes started in a user session when the user logs on the system. The HKEY. However, the converse may apply for administrator- enforced policy settings where HKLM may take precedence over HKCU. The Windows Logo Program has specific requirements for where different types of user data may be stored, and that the concept of least privilege be followed so that administrator- level access is not required to use an application. Applications cannot create any additional subkeys. On Windows NT, this key contains four subkeys, . A fifth subkey, . On Windows Vista and above, a sixth and seventh subkey, . It is used to reference all . Each SAM database contains all builtin accounts (mostly group aliases) and configured accounts (users, groups and their aliases, including guest accounts and administrator accounts) created and configured on the respective domain, for each account in that domain, it notably contains the user name which can be used to log on that domain, the internal unique user identifier in the domain, a cryptographic hash of each user's password for each enabled authentication protocol, the location of storage of their user Registry hive, various status flags (for example if the account can be enumerated and be visible in the logon prompt screen), and the list of domains (including the local domain) into which the account was configured. The . The kernel will access it to read and enforce the security policy applicable to the current user and all applications or operations executed by this user. It also contains a . It contains information about the Windows system setup, data for the secure random number generator (RNG), the list of currently mounted devices containing a filesystem, several numbered . Each configured Control Set contains. It is mostly modified by application and system installers. It is organized by software vendor (with a subkey for each), but also contains a . The key path is transparently presented to 3. Wo. W6. 4 as HKLM\SOFTWARE. It is a handle to the key . On Windows 2. 00. HKCR is a compilation of user- based HKCU\Software\Classes and machine- based HKLM\Software\Classes. If a given value exists in both of the subkeys above, the one in HKCU\Software\Classes takes precedence. The specific subkey referenced is . Settings in this hive follow users with a roaming profile from machine to machine. HKEY. This key is not stored in any hive and not displayed in the Registry Editor, but it is visible through the Registry functions in the Windows API, or in a simplified view via the Performance tab of the Task Manager (only for a few performance data on the local system) or via more advanced control panels (such as the Performances Monitor or the Performances Analyzer which allows collecting and logging these data, including from remote systems). HKEY. The information in this hive is also not stored on the hard drive. The Plug and Play information is gathered and configured at startup and is stored in memory. An example of this is the hive of branch starting at HKLM\HARDWARE. This hive records information about system hardware and is created each time the system boots and performs hardware detection. Individual settings for users on a system are stored in a hive (disk file) per user. During user login, the system loads the user hive under the HKEY. This allows applications to store/retrieve settings for the current user implicitly under the HKCU key. Not all hives are loaded at any one time. At boot time, only a minimal set of hives are loaded, and after that, hives are loaded as the operating system initializes and as users log in or whenever a hive is explicitly loaded by an application. Editing. A careless change to the operating system configuration in the Registry could cause irreversible damage, so it is usually only installer programs which perform changes to the Registry database during installation/configuration and removal. If a user wants to edit the Registry manually, Microsoft recommends that a backup of the Registry is performed before the change. After this, the user needs to manually remove any reference to the uninstalled program in the registry. This is usually done by using regedit. Optional and/or third- party tools similar to Reg. Edit. exe are available for many Windows CE versions. Registry Editor allows users to perform the following functions: Creating, manipulating, renaming. On Windows 2. 00. Windows Registry Editor Version 5. Unicode- based. On Windows 9x and NT 4. REGEDIT4 and are ANSI- based.
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